Meizu 16th deep dismantling: copper pipe heat dissipation + double-layer middle frame

  As the latest flagship mobile phone released by Meizu, Meizu 16th uses the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 processor, and uses copper tube heat dissipation in the mobile phone heat dissipation, so that the mobile phone has a better heat dissipation effect, and the mobile phone runs more stably and smoothly during games. Meizu 16th has also changed its design, not using a metal machine design, but using a 3D four-curved glass back cover, and controlling the thickness of the fuselage to 7.3mm, making it the thinnest under-screen fingerprint recognition mobile phone on the market.

  Meizu 16th uses a glass back cover, and the back cover is fixed on the fuselage with double-sided tape, so when dismantling the back cover, it needs to be heated with a hot fan, and the hot double-sided tape can be melted to separate the back cover.

  After heating, you can use a pick to separate the fuselage of Meizu 16th. Since the back cover is made of glass, the separation process should be very careful to avoid damage to the back cover glass.

  The internal deconstruction of the Meizu 16th can be seen by separating the back cover. The PCB of the Meizu 16th also has a protective cover covered with plastic.

  Meizu 16th uses a classic three-stage design, the top of the phone main board, the middle is the battery, the following is the small board, this design for Meizu to have been quite mature.

  The back cover of Meizu 16th has been repeatedly polished, and the nano-scale 7-layer vacuum coating technology has been applied to the glass, allowing the 16th to achieve a nearly ceramic-like texture.

  Open the protective cover of the bottom small board to see the small board PCB of Meizu 16th, which is mainly responsible for the connection of various interfaces of Meizu 16th and the connection of the external speaker of the mobile phone.

  The small board of Meizu 16th also has an important function, which is to connect the horizontal linear motor mEngine of Meizu 16th to achieve a richer vibration effect.

  Meizu 16th still continues this mEngine design and has been upgraded to bring a new algorithm that automatically adapts the touch according to the scene, provides feedback such as simulated heartbeat, scroll wheels, etc., and more ringtone music rhythm vibration.

  The upper PCB of the Meizu 16th is also covered with a protective cover, and it can be seen that the dual camera of the Meizu 16th is the lower camera, which is the main camera.

The main board shield of Meizu 16th is covered with a graphite heat-conducting film, which allows the heat of the main board chip to be brought to the fuselage.

After taking out the main board of Meizu 16th, you can see the heat conducting tube on the middle frame of the mobile phone, and the CPU position on the main board is coated with thermal grease.

  After removing the main board and battery, you can see the deconstruction of the middle frame of the mobile phone. Meizu 16th uses an aluminum alloy middle frame. The aluminum alloy material is lighter and is currently the material used in the middle frame of the mobile phone.

  There is an opening in the middle frame of the mobile phone. Here is the under-screen fingerprint recognition module of Meizu 16th. Meizu rotates the fingerprint recognition sensor at an angle of 13.7 to eliminate moiré patterns. Therefore, the stacking of internal components of the mobile phone needs to be redesigned.

  There is a heat conducting tube embedded in the middle frame. The position where the heat conducting tube contacts the CPU uses a whole piece of copper sheet to increase the heat conducting area. Meizu customized a 0.4mm thick heat dissipation copper tube. When the mobile phone is higher than the critical temperature, the water vapor in the heat dissipation copper tube will follow the capillary structure to take heat away from the main board. And when the water vapor cools down and liquefies, it will start to circulate back, which can bring better heat dissipation effect.

  In addition, the middle frame of the mobile phone has a layer of copper foil in addition to the aluminum alloy material, which can better absorb the heat on the main board of the mobile phone and achieve better heat dissipation effect.

  Meizu 16th built the handset into a small gap at the top of the fuselage, reducing the front opening of the fuselage, maintaining Meizu’s consistent minimalist and symmetrical design language, while also making the whole machine more visually integrated.

  Meizu 16th main board shielding cover can not be removed, this design advantage is to make the shield cover become thinner, bad place is to increase the difficulty of maintenance.

  The back of the main board is mainly the CPU and power module of the mobile phone, and the shielding cover is also attached with graphite heat conduction stickers, and the shielding cover here cannot be removed.

Tear off the heat conducting sticker at the CPU position to see that the CPU of the mobile phone is also coated with silicone grease, which is to increase the heat dissipation effect of the mobile phone.

  The CPU can be seen by wiping off the silicone grease. The Meizu 16th uses a Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 processor, and the processor and the memory chip of the mobile phone are double-stacked, so only the memory chip of the mobile phone can be seen. The CPU is soldered under the memory chip, and double-stacking can reduce the PCB area occupied by the chip.

  Meizu 16th uses a 20 million pixel front-facing camera. Since the forehead position of Meizu 16th is only 7mm, the general front-facing camera module cannot be installed on Meizu 16th. Meizu specially customized the world’s smallest front-facing camera module for Meizu 16th. Customized design from hardware and optical components, and finally created the world’s smallest front-facing camera module, so that the forehead position of Meizu 16th can have such an ultra-narrow design.

  Meizu 16th uses 12 million + 20 million pixel camera design and uses ring LED fill light to enhance the photo experience. At the same time, the 16th uses Sony IMX380 + IMX350 sensor, which can provide 3x lossless zoom and large aperture blur effect. The IMX380 sensor is also used on Meizu 15. This CMOS has been tuned by Meizu and used on Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 ISP to bring better shooting results.

  Through disassembly, it can be seen that the internal workmanship materials of Meizu 16th are quite excellent. In particular, the heat dissipation design of the mobile phone is very careful. A layer of copper foil is added to the middle frame, and a graphite thermal conductive film covers the PCB. At the same time, a heat conducting tube is used to dissipate heat. Moreover, silicone grease is also applied to the position of the CPU to enhance the thermal conductivity effect. Such a design is relatively rare. In addition, the internal stacking of the entire mobile phone is quite careful, the purpose is to reduce the thickness of the mobile phone and bring a better feel. Overall, for a flagship mobile phone of 2698 yuan, such workmanship materials are still quite valuable.

Andy Lau attended a special dialogue session at the Toronto Film Festival to share his journey


1905 movie network news On September 16, local time, Toronto, Canada, attended a special dialogue session held at the 48th Toronto International Film Festival to share his journey of more than 40 years of career.


The Toronto International Film Festival has awarded Andy Lau the "Special Contribution Award", making him the first Chinese filmmaker to win the award. "This Special Contribution Award means a lot to me, it means: everyone has the potential to do more than you can imagine, thank you," said Andy Lau. "So choose your own path, work hard and be the best you can be. I will never forget the love you gave me, thank you."


Andy Lau is starring in a new film to Toronto, which tells the story of the award-winning superstar Liu Weichi (Andy Lau, played) in the process of going to the countryside to experience life, causing a series of ridiculous farce that makes people laugh and cry. At the same time, it shows the variety of beings in the entertainment industry.


Jay Chou’s Chengdu concert ticket price plunged, and scalpers sold it at a reduced price before singing


Jay Chou Chengdu concert scene

Jay Chou Chengdu Concert Tickets


On May 1, 1905 Movie Network News, Jay Chou’s concert was held in Chengdu at the China Modern Pentathlon Event Center in Shuangliu District. An hour before the performance, some "scalpers" who sold tickets began to sell at a reduced price. The price of tickets that had been sold to 6,000 yuan each fell sharply, 5,000, 3,000, 2000… all the way down, and finally fell back to the original price of 1980 yuan each. 20 minutes before the opening, some "scalpers" even offered discounts ranging from 100, 200, and 300 yuan on the basis of the original price in order to reduce losses.


The Chengdu station of Jay Chou’s concert has been turbulent since the ticket was issued. First, the organizer launched a "God promotion" to buy the strongest T-shirt on the surface to get the privilege of buying Jay Chou’s concert tickets. After being stopped, there was news that the ticket sales would be exchanged for "official peripheral products and ticket pre-purchase rights". Fans who competed with the organizer on the way finally made it to the opening day of the concert, and found that the organizer himself had set up a stall outside the venue to sell tickets on the spot, and also discounted them.


According to the official Weibo of the fan club, it is the effect of fans boycotting scalpers

Users have commented, "Resolutely boycott scalpers. We won’t boycott today, and Jay fans will really look down on concerts in the future." "I think that all tickets for concerts in the future should be purchased under the real-name system. An ID card can buy up to 4 tickets, and the 4 tickets are all real-name verified respectively. Enter the venue to check the ticket and swipe the ID card and ticket. Boycott scalpers and resist the organizers from maliciously destroying the market." "With current technology, it is very easy to do. Look at the high-speed rail, the reason why scalpers have repeatedly banned must be because it is profitable."


It’s really starting to fill the pit! "Qingyu Nian 2" and "White Night Chasing 2" have all started filming

After waiting for half a year, "Qingyu Nian 2" finally entered the "real boot" mode from "about to start shooting". Today, the official Weibo of "Qingyu Nian 2" officially announced that it would start shooting in Xiangshan Film and Television City, "Let’s fill the pit"!

As soon as the news came out, it drew cheers from the drama fans: "I have finally waited for this day in my lifetime" "Fan Xian is so big! Father Xian misses you to death"!

In the past four years, "Qingyu Nian 2" has released many preparatory news, but it has always been thunder and rain. It was not until November last year that the drama confirmed that Zhang Ruoyun would continue to play the male lead. Whether all the original cast can be recovered has also attracted widespread attention. At one point, it was rumored that Chen Daoming would no longer star in "Qingyu Nian 2".

However, from the "Meet Again poster" released by "Qingyu Nian 2", the sequel basically used the lead role of the first one. Zhang Ruoyun continued to play Lord Xiao Fan, Guo Qilin continued to play Fan Sizu, and Chen Daoming also successfully contracted renewal of Emperor Qing. The only one absent was Xiao Zhan, who played "Yan Bingyun".

In 2019, the TV series "Qingyu Nian" adapted from the novel of the same name gathered three generations of actors such as Zhang Ruoyun, Chen Daoming, Wu Gang, Li Xiaoran, Xin Zhilei, Li Chun, Song Yi, etc., premiered on Tencent and iQIYI, and broke through 300 million in just five days of viewing clicks! In 2020, after "Qingyu Nian" was broadcast on the star in Hong Kong, China, the average rating reached 26.1 points, and the highest rating was 28.7 points, directly breaking TVB’s second-line drama premiere rating record since 2016.

Unlike traditional costume dramas, "Qingyu Nian" tells the story of a dying man suffering from myasthenia gravis in the novel. After traveling from modern times to ancient times, he has always adhered to his kind heart and changed the whole society little by little with his own knowledge and strength. During this period, he is full of thoughts on human nature and life. Fan Xian, the male protagonist who broke into the ancient rivers and lakes with his modern concept, also contributed countless laughs to this drama. The drama still ranks in the top ten of Douban’s "ancient costume mainland dramas".

But fans said that according to the progress of the novel, the first installment of "Qingyu Nian" can only be regarded as an antecedent, because the main scenes are all behind. "The four great masters have not yet appeared, the eldest princess has not been offline, and Emperor Qing has not opposed Fan Xian…"

According to the Reuters project book, "Qingyu Nian 2" will continue the plot of the first installment, continuing the disputes between the court and the court. In the new season’s story, Fan Xian will be trapped in the mystery of Huoyue Tower, entangled by various traps carefully set by the second prince for him, and the second prince will also become Fan Xian’s biggest enemy. In the case of various forces coveting, Fan Xian’s plot for the son of Emperor Qing is also about to be staged, but at the same time he also has to take on the future of the procuratorate and solve the debt problem of the inner library.

Recently, some netizens photographed Pan Yueming in Hainan. Of course, it was nothing to photograph Pan Yueming. The key was that he was also photographed with scars on his face.

The 2017 online drama "White Night Chasing" can be said to have opened a new era of domestic suspense dramas. So far, Douban’s score is still as high as 8.9 points, and it has been selected as a suspense mainland drama list and a high-scoring classic mainland drama list. It has also allowed Pan Yueming, who has been quiet for many years, to re-emerge at the age of 43 and return to the front line.

The setting of the story is also very interesting. On the surface, it tells the story of Guan Hongfeng, the captain of the criminal investigation detachment, who solved many cases along the way in order to clear his brother Guan Hongyu’s murder charge, but behind the scenes, due to the "dark phobia", the "consultant Guan Hongfeng" who appeared in the police force day and night was actually played by the twin brothers. Pan Yueming completed the brothers with very different personalities with his excellent acting skills.

It is reported that the title of "White Night Chasing 2" is "White Night Breaking Dawn", tentatively scheduled to go LIVE in 2024, still starring Pan Yueming and Wang Takizheng, while producer Wang Wei, screenwriter fingerprint, and director Liu Yingjian are all the main creators of the first one.

Which one are you going to chase?

In the past few years, why did Wang Jianlin suddenly "make a comeback"?

City Express news, 69 years old this year, Wang Jianlin, who is about to enter his seventies,Recently, it has begun to appear frequently in the public eye

The retired Lao Wang, recentlyClass A share market reduction operationIt has attracted much attention.

According to the statistics of Changjiang Business Daily, from 2019 to 2022, Wanda Film’s net profit loss exceeded 12.60 billion yuan in the past four years, while the company’s cumulative net profit from 2013 to 2018 was only 7.575 billion yuan.

Among them, in 2019, Wanda Film 10.50 billion yuan to acquire 95.7683% equity of Wanda Film and Television, but the company has not completed the performance bet for three consecutive years. Even if Zhang Lin regains control of Wanda Film,Failed to reverse the decline

Entering 2023, the national movie box office is picking up, Wanda Film’s share price is rising, but the company’s controlling shareholders are waiting for an opportunity to cash out.

On the evening of April 19Wanda Film announced that Wanda Investment plans to reduce its holdings of the company’s shares by no more than 65.3811 million shares, calculated according to the closing price on the announcement day.The maximum cash can be about 950 million yuan. The reason for the reduction is: shareholders’ own capital needs.

And just over a month agoWanda Film’s controlling shareholder, Wanda Culture Group, has reduced its 43.5653 million shares.Cash out about 583 million yuan

You know, the actual controller of Wanda Investment and Wanda Culture Group is Wang Jianlin, founder of Wanda Group.He reduced his holdings these two times, and the maximum cash can exceed 1.50 billion yuan

"One billion as a small goal"Lao WangShort of money?

In fact, Wang Jianlin’s life has witnessed the rise, prosperity and transformation of China’s real estate industry.

"1 billion bet" Lei Jun lost, he just responded like this…

  On March 19, Xiaomi Group announced its first annual report after listing, which also means that Lei Jun and Dong Mingzhu’s "1 billion bet" will be won and lost.


  According to the annual report, Xiaomi achieved a total revenue of 174.915 billion yuan in 2018; previously, Gree said in the performance forecast that the total revenue in 2018 was between 200 billion and 210 billion yuan. Even according to the lower limit of Gree’s revenue, Lei Jun will still lose this "huge bet" by more than 25 billion yuan.


  On March 20, when asked about the outcome of the "1 billion bet", Lei Jun replied: "I haven’t seen Gree’s official financial report, and she (Dong Mingzhu) has contacted me." At the opening of the market today, Xiaomi’s share price plunged after a slight increase of 0.82%. As of the closing price of 11.64 Hong Kong dollars per share, a decline of 4.59%. The latest market value is 2785.38 billion Hong Kong dollars.


  mixed happiness


  Xiaomi hands over its first annual report since going public


  Xiaomi’s financial report shows that in 2018, Xiaomi Group’s revenue was 174.915 billion yuan (RMB, the same below), an increase of 52.6% year-on-year; adjusted Xiaomi Group’s net profit was 8.55 billion yuan, an increase of 59.5% year-on-year, higher than the 8.25 billion yuan expected by the market.







从业务板块来看,虽然雷军强调小米的布局更趋多元,但智能手机业务无疑仍是主力,去年为小米贡献了65.1%的总收入,销量共计1.187亿部,同比增长29.8%;收入约1138亿元,较去年同比增长41.3%。
  From the business sector, although Lei Jun stressed that Xiaomi’s layout is more diverse, but the smart phone business is undoubtedly still the main force, last year contributed 65.1% of the total revenue for Xiaomi, a total of 118.70 million sales, an increase of 29.8%; revenue of about 113.80 billion yuan, an increase of 41.3% over last year.







小米在财报中援引IDC咨询(北京)有限公司数据称,去年全球智能手机市场出货量同比下滑4.1%,在此大环境下,小米手机取得的成绩为“业内罕见”。
  In its earnings report, Xiaomi quoted data from IDC Consulting (Beijing) Co., Ltd. as saying that the global smartphone market shipments fell 4.1% year-on-year last year. In this environment, Xiaomi’s mobile phone achievements are "rare in the industry".


  In addition, Xiaomi’s internet services, IoT and consumer products businesses all grew significantly, with total revenue of 16 billion yuan and 43.80 billion yuan respectively last year, growing by 61.2% and 86.9% respectively.


  In addition, Xiaomi’s internet services division increased by 61.2% year-on-year, contributing revenue of RMB 16 billion for the year. The revenue of the IoT and consumer products division was RMB 43.80 billion, an increase of 86.9% over last year.


  "We can finally proudly hand in our first full-year answer sheet," Lei Jun said in an open letter to investors. However, the financial report also showed that the fourth quarter of Xiaomi Group last year was actually "a little bad". In the fourth quarter of 2018, Xiaomi Group’s revenue was 44.40 billion yuan, down 12.6% from the previous quarter, and its operating profit totaled 1.853 billion yuan, down 35.8% from the previous quarter.


  Specifically, various business sectors also performed poorly in the fourth quarter. In particular, Xiaomi mobile phones, which are the main revenue force, performed poorly. In the fourth quarter, Xiaomi mobile phone shipments were about 25 million units, down 12% year-on-year, and the gross profit margin of the smartphone division fell from 8.8% in 2017 to 6.2%. In this regard, Xiaomi attributed the "product portfolio adjustment and change in product launch schedule" in the financial report.







此外需要指出的是,小米依然未在本次财报中公布小米手机的国内出货量,但IDC在报告中指出,2018年小米国内出货量同比跌去6%。
  In addition, it should be pointed out that Xiaomi has not yet announced the domestic shipments of Xiaomi mobile phones in this financial report, but IDC pointed out in the report that Xiaomi’s domestic shipments fell by 6% year-on-year in 2018.







“10亿赌局”雷军输了,刚刚他这样回应……
  Does the "bet" really matter?


  Miss Dong and Rebs have already left separately


  With the announcement of Xiaomi’s 2018 financial results, Lei Jun and Dong Mingzhu’s "1 billion bet" finally came to an end. In December 2013, the two participated in the "China Economic Person of the Year" organized by CCTV and jointly presented the award. Lei Jun took the initiative to tell Dong Mingzhu that within five years, if Xiaomi’s turnover can beat Gree, "then please prove that Dong Mingzhu Dong Zong lost me one yuan." Dong Mingzhu responded domineering, what is a good bet for a dollar? If you want to bet, you can bet one billion yuan.


  At that time, Xiaomi’s momentum was strong, and this competition was full of suspense, which was a great deal of interest for the market. Data show that its revenue in 2013 was about 31.60 billion yuan, and Gree’s revenue was 120 billion yuan. Can the rising star of the Internet succeed in overtaking the big brother of the manufacturing industry? With the "1 billion gambling" becoming a hot topic, Lei Jun and Dong Mingzhu have also talked about it in public many times.


  In December, during the 2018 annual meeting of Chinese business leaders, Dong Mingzhu said in an interview that Gree had basically won the bet, and because Gree is doing the real economy and Xiaomi’s Internet business is light on assets, the two are not comparable, and the gamble itself is not meaningful. But she also pointed out meaningfully: "At that time, the bet was based on different concepts. If we all gave up heavy assets, then light assets would not exist. The state emphasizes that the economy cannot be divorced from reality to fiction, and these four words are enough to explain the win or lose."


  WeChat official account "Chang’an Street Governor" once analyzed that Gree and Xiaomi, one is a national leading brand of traditional manufacturing, and the other is the darling of the new economy in the Internet field. The competition between these two star companies is actually a kind of healthy competition, which will bring more innovation and development to enterprises and industries.


  Now that five years have passed, Xiaomi and Gree seem to be gradually approaching each other on their respective paths. After starting with mobile phones, Xiaomi’s trend of diversified development has become more and more obvious. In July and December 2018, respectively, it launched Mijia Internet air conditioner and Mijia Internet washing and drying machine, expanding its business to Gree’s battlefield. Gree also began to target Xiaomi’s territory, releasing the first generation of smartphones in March 2015. Despite the poor sales, Dong Mingzhu did not admit defeat: "The outside world is talking about the failure of Gree’s mobile phone business, but in fact we have not fully disclosed it in the market yet."


  The end of the "bet" may not matter to Dong Mingzhu and Lei Jun. They are both good at taking a longer-term view and setting "small goals" for the future development of the company. Lei Jun said in 2018 that he would lead Xiaomi to return to the top of the domestic market in the next 10 quarters and double the profits of investors who bought Xiaomi shares on the first day of listing. In November 2018, Dong Mingzhu said that according to the deployment, the operating income of Gree Electric Appliance (000651) will reach 600 billion yuan by 2023.


  This also means that the future of millet and Gree’s battlefield will continue to overlap, this long-lasting battle is far more attractive than the "1 billion bet". 36Kr pointed out in the report that from the moment when mobile phone manufacturers and home appliance manufacturers have turned their attention to IoT, Internet of Things, and smart home, millet and Gree are destined to meet, which will be a more serious and cruel story than the "1 billion bet".


  "Caijing" new media comprehensive collation, part of the content comes from Tiger Sniff, First Financial, 36Kr


    This article was first published on WeChat official account: Finance and Economics. The content of the article is the author’s personal opinion and does not represent the position of Hexun.com. Investors operate accordingly, and please bear the risk.

(Editor in charge: Wang Gang HF004)

Ministry of Transport: Encourage localities to reduce taxi "element money" in stages

  CCTV News:At a press conference held by the State Council’s joint prevention and control mechanism today (6th), Vice Minister of Transport Liu Xiaoming said that all localities are encouraged to take measures such as phased reduction and exemption of taxi "part money" to effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of taxi drivers.

  Liu Xiaoming introduced that in February, the passenger traffic of railways, highways, waterways and civil aviation decreased by 79.9%, the freight traffic decreased by 26.5%, and the order volume and transportation volume of taxis (including online car-hailing) decreased by 85%. It can be seen from this that the income of truck drivers and taxi drivers has dropped significantly. In response to these problems, the Ministry of Transport, together with relevant departments, is stepping up the implementation of the policy.

  At the same time, organize industry associations, online freight platforms, and key logistics enterprises to monitor and analyze the freight logistics industry, release monitoring reports on the operation of the industry, and guide cargo owners, logistics enterprises, and truck drivers to rationally set transportation prices and share the benefits of the toll-free policy.

  Guide local transportation departments to timely sort out and summarize the situation of transportation and logistics enterprises performing emergency transportation tasks during the epidemic prevention and control period, and closely cooperate with the financial department to compensate enterprises performing emergency transportation tasks that belong to the government’s purchase of public services. Guide all localities to actively strive for the support of local financial departments, strengthen the accounting of income and costs, and increase subsidies and support for urban public transportation and urban rail transit enterprises.

  Coordinate and increase financial support for passenger and freight transportation enterprises, especially small, medium and micro enterprises. We actively communicate and coordinate with the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, and encourage insurance companies to appropriately reduce or exempt the insurance fees of operating vehicles, ships and aircraft that are suspended during the epidemic by extending the insurance period and deducting the renewal fee. In conjunction with the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the Financial Institution Group is encouraged to provide special project credit lines and loans at preferential interest rates to passenger and freight transportation enterprises, especially private and small and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households affected by the epidemic, and to treat taxi drivers and road freight drivers as relevant policies for individual industrial and commercial households, and to support bank loans.

The rise in oil prices has made Japan the biggest beneficiary

  The three oil crises of the 1970s and 1990s profoundly changed the industrial structure of the automotive powerhouses in Europe and the US. But they also represented opportunities. If there was only one winner in this far-reaching series of historical events, it was Japanese cars.

  Before the oil crisis, although Japanese cars had an export layout in overseas markets, their share was always small. At the same time, the inherent impressions of Europeans and Americans such as counterfeit products, quality and low grade always lingered on the top of Japanese cars. However, after the oil crisis, Western consumers had to accept the reality, and Japanese cars ushered in the trend of going global.

  Taking advantage of the opportunity of the oil crisis, Japanese cars eventually became an important pole of the global automobile industry. But in addition to the impact of objective events now known as "black swans", the subjective initiative of the Japanese automobile industry is also worthy of future memories. Freezing three feet is not a day’s cold, the formation of an automobile industrial country is the main reason.

  Growing up in war

  The original Japanese auto industry was born in the 1930s, 30-50 years later than the developed countries in Europe and the United States. At that time, the Japanese market was dominated by American cars, and giants such as General Motors and Ford established assembly plants in the country. Later, factories such as Toyota and Datsun (the predecessor of Nissan) created the first cars produced by Japanese companies by reverse-copying European and American models such as Chevrolet, Chrysler, and Austin.

  At the same time, in order to encourage the production of autonomous vehicles, the Japanese government also promulgated the "Automobile Manufacturing Business Law", which stipulates that companies that produce more than 3,000 cars a year must be approved by the government, and more than half of the shares must be owned by local companies. However, the Great Depression that swept the world at the time brought the fledgling Japanese automakers to the brink of bankruptcy.

  At this time, they were saved by a full-scale war of aggression launched by Japanese militarism. The early Japanese car companies were transformed into arsenal factories that started the war machine, but they were also quickly dealt a heavy blow by the defeat of the war. After the end of World War II, Japan, a defeated country, was devastated by society and economy, and its fledgling automobile industry was also on the verge of destruction.

  In this context, the Japanese government, which had just announced its unconditional surrender, still called together the few car companies at the time, demonstrating the government’s support for the auto industry. On the other hand, the United States, out of consideration against the Soviet camp, stationed troops in Japan and began to support Japan’s economy. Especially during the Korean War, the US military provided a large number of military truck orders to the nearest Japan, allowing Japanese car companies that were struggling after the war to quickly recover. For Japanese cars, this also provides an opportunity for them to open up the US market in the future.

  In order to make up for the lack of resources during the economic difficulties, the Japanese government began to encourage the production of short-wheelbase and small-displacement cars through preferential policies such as tax reduction, resulting in the series of cars known as K-Cars. These economical and practical cars not only quickly popularized cars in postwar Japanese households, but also laid the foundation for the subsequent industrial upgrading of Japanese cars. With the support of policies, the number of car companies in Japan after the war rapidly increased from single digits to nearly 30.

  Since the 1950s, the Japanese government has promulgated the "Basic Guidelines for the Introduction of Foreign Investment in Passenger Vehicles", and began to continuously introduce technology to developed countries in Europe, America, and Japan’s car companies have successively established cooperative relations with overseas auto giants. In 1950, Toyota’s then president, Eiji Toyoda, made a special trip to Detroit to inspect Ford’s factories; Nissan’s predecessor, Datsun, officially purchased the patents of Austin in the United Kingdom in 1952 and assembled cars in Japan in the form of CKD. Austin provided technical assistance to Datsun. In addition, cooperation between Hino and French Renault, Mitsubishi and Chevrolet of the United States is also developing.

  By the early 1960s, Japanese car companies had completed the original accumulation of technology, and the annual production and sales of domestic cars exceeded 400,000. In November 1963, Japan further established the automobile industry as a strategic industry at the Industrial Structure Review Conference. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Japan has introduced more than 400 technologies from developed countries in Europe, America and other countries.

  However, while absorbing technology, the Japanese government has also implemented measures such as tariffs and foreign exchange controls to protect the domestic automobile industry, and implemented them through legislation such as the Enterprise Rationalization Promotion Law and the Machinery Industry Revitalization Temporary Measures Law. The tariff barrier for imported automobiles was once as high as 40%. And the penetration of foreign capital into Japanese automobile companies is also strictly guarded.

  In addition to government support, the improvement of technology, quality and management by Japanese automakers at that time also greatly improved the quality of Japanese cars. For example, the Toyota production method, which has far-reaching impact on future generations, was born in the early 1950s. And some classic models that continue to this day, such as Toyota Crown, Corolla, Nissan Bluebird, Honda Civic, etc., were also introduced one after another in the 1950s and 1960s.

  In addition, in order to strengthen the overall quality of Japanese cars and eliminate uncompetitive enterprises, under the leadership of the Japanese government, Japanese cars carried out a series of mergers in the 1960s, reducing the number of highly competitive 30 to about 10, which increased the concentration of the industry.

  By 1970, the annual sales of Japanese cars had reached 4.10 million, 10 times that of the early 1960s, and the number of cars owned by 1,000 people had risen from 14 in 1960 to about 170.

  After all, the local market demand in Japan is limited. At the same time as the rapid growth of the industry, Japanese car companies are also trying to export. However, throughout the 1960s, Japanese cars were mainly aimed at the third world countries in South America and South East Asia. The best-selling models in Japan, such as the Toyota Crown, were also exported to the United States, but sales were also very low because they did not meet the needs of American consumers.

  It was not until the arrival of the first oil crisis that Japanese cars were "a blessing in disguise" and really went to the world, especially major automobile consumer markets such as Europe, America and others.

  blessing in disguise

  In 1970, at the call of American social environmentalists at that time, the US government introduced the "Air Purification Act" (Musky Act), which stipulated that after five years, cars emitted only one-tenth of the pollutants. This bill undoubtedly dealt a heavy blow to the three American giants that were popular at that time, but it provided an opportunity for Japanese cars to further open up the US market.

  In 1972, the CVCC engine developed by Honda became the first engine to comply with the Musky Act and quickly gained popularity in the United States.

  In October 1973, shortly after the outbreak of the Fourth Middle East War, the United States publicly sided with Israel and provided it with $2.20 billion in military aid. In order to sanction the United States and the West, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) began to implement a series of production cuts and oil embargoes. After the war, the oil exporting countries continued to cut production by more than 10% and pushed to raise the price of oil from $3 per barrel to $13, which was the first oil crisis.

  The oil crisis dealt a heavy blow to the developed automobile industry in Europe and the United States. During this period, global automobile production fell from nearly 40 million to 33 million. Car consumers in Europe and the United States had to give up their favorite large-displacement cars and performance cars in favor of affordable small-displacement cars. The auto giants were also forced to abandon their original production plans for large cars.

  Throughout the 1970s, Japan’s domestic auto market ended a period of rapid growth, with sales increasing from 4.10 million to 5 million. After the shock, Japan launched a new energy technology development plan in 1974, and introduced an industrial policy to reduce energy consumption, focusing on the development and promotion of energy-saving technologies and equipment. Later, the Energy Conservation Law was introduced to restrain it.

  But at the same time, Japan’s industrial structure dominated by small-displacement vehicles has allowed Japanese cars to find opportunities to break through overseas. Although the previous Japanese cars were scorned by many Europeans and Americans because of their brands, more people began to choose cars with better fuel economy due to the economic pressure caused by fuel consumption. At this time, in addition to affordable prices, Japanese cars have made great progress in technology and production management. In the past, the stereotype of counterfeit products and inferior quality in the eyes of Westerners was changed. Coupled with the good relations between Japan and the United States, Japanese cars soon became popular in the American market.

  In 1975, Japan’s domestic automobile production exceeded 7 million for the first time; by 1977, Japan’s automobile exports had reached 4.35 million, three times more than in 1970; the proportion of exported automobiles in total automobile production skyrocketed from 20% in 1970 to more than 50%.

  The shadow of the first oil crisis has not yet dissipated. With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the Iran-Iraq War, the second oil crisis followed in the early 1980s, with oil prices rising from $14 per barrel to nearly $40. Global car sales fell for four consecutive years during the crisis, from 42 million to less than 39 million.

  This time, however, Japan’s increasingly mature auto industry has achieved greater success. During the second oil crisis, Japan’s domestic automobile production exceeded 10 million and 11 million in a row, and its exports exceeded 6 million for the first time. In 1980, Japanese automobiles surpassed the United States for the first time to become the world’s largest.

  The most important reason why Japanese cars can overtake American cars is the continued "attack" on the US market. During the second oil crisis, the production of American cars fell from 11 million to 8 million. In contrast, from 1978 to 1980, the number of Japanese car exports to the United States increased from 1.50 million to nearly 2 million, and the sales reached 2.40 million. The proportion of imported cars in the United States reached 80%, and the share of Japanese cars in the US market was as high as 20%.

  The real crisis

  Japan’s economic take-off and the strength of Japanese cars in the US market have threatened the US government and automakers. Under the impact of Japanese cars, American giants such as GM, Ford, and Chrysler have laid off more than 220,000 workers. The United Auto Workers (UAW) even broke out a campaign to smash Japanese cars.

  Under pressure from the United States, after negotiations between Japan and the United States, an agreement on independent restrictions on Japanese exports of cars to the United States was formed in 1981, which stipulated that the export scale of Japanese cars to the US market in subsequent years was limited to 1.68 million cars in 1981-1983, 1.85 million cars in 1984, 2.30 million cars in 1985 and 1986, and then dropped to about 2 million cars in subsequent years.

  At the same time, Japanese automakers began to choose to set up factories or joint ventures in the US market to avoid policy restrictions. After 1982, Honda, Nissan, Toyota, and Mazda successively established factories in the United States. In addition, joint ventures between Toyota and General Motors, Mitsubishi and Chrysler were also established during this period.

  On the other hand, under the premise of limited sales, Japanese cars to improve brand perception and increase profitability, Honda, Toyota, Nissan and other leading companies have launched high-end models for the needs of North American consumers, Acura, Lexus and Infiniti were born in this period.

  As a result, despite the decrease in imports, the profits of Japanese automakers have actually increased due to the high-priced luxury cars produced in the United States. With the outbreak of the Gulf War, the third oil crisis came. In the 1990s, the world’s car production decreased from nearly 50 million to 47 million, but Japan’s domestic car production approached 13.50 million, and sales reached a historical peak of 7.77 million. In addition, Japan’s overseas car production also exceeded 3 million for the first time, and the proportion of Japanese cars in the world rose to nearly 40%.

  However, luck has not always favored Japanese cars. Since the Plaza Accord in 1985, Japan’s domestic economic bubble burst due to the appreciation of the yen, which ushered in the "lost decade", and Japan’s domestic car production and sales have also slipped from their peak and began to decline year by year.

  Under the policy protection of domestic enterprises and the continuous suppression of Japanese cars. In 1994, American cars regained the first place in the global market. In 1995, the US government further announced a 100% tariff on luxury cars from Japan. The following year, Japanese car exports fell directly to 3.71 million, a decrease of 45% compared with the 1985 Plaza Agreement.

  Faced with the difficulties caused by economic stagnation, Japanese automakers are not sitting still. In order to continue to cater to the industry trend of energy conservation and emission reduction, Japanese automakers continue to develop engine technologies with stronger fuel economy. In 1997, the Toyota Prius based on THS hybrid technology was launched, and it became the best-selling model in North America again in the early 21st century. Later, the Honda i-MMD and Nissan e-Power were launched one after another, and the Japanese hybrid once again played a brand effect in the global market.

  In addition, while the US market is encountering bottlenecks, Japanese automakers are also continuously providing growth impetus by expanding into more overseas markets and increasing their emphasis on the emerging Chinese market. Entering the 21st century, Nissan, Toyota, Honda, Mazda, Mitsubishi and Suzuki have successively established joint venture factories in China, and have continuously introduced overseas best-selling models into domestic production and sales.

  Today, Japanese cars still have a 30% market share worldwide. Toyota is still the world’s largest automaker, with Honda and Renault-allied Nissan also in the top 10. In the United States, Toyota surpassed General Motors for the first time last year. In the Chinese market, the share of Japanese cars that came from behind has also reached more than 20%, which is on par with Germany. The value retention rate of mainstream Japanese brands is also among the best in China.

  Take a look.

  The rise of Japanese automobiles has been regarded by many in the industry as a model for the development of Chinese automobiles. For example, the Japanese government’s protection of local automobile companies and the control of the shareholding ratio of joint ventures, as well as the policy support for the production of small-displacement automobiles, have been used for reference by the Chinese automobile industry that has fully emerged after the reform and opening up.

  In addition, the experience of Japanese cars expanding overseas markets and gradually going global 60 years ago is also similar to the aggressive route of today’s leading Chinese independent brands. At present, Chinese independent brands are exporting small cars to developing countries in Southeast Asia and the Middle East in the early years, and turning to more regional markets. Even Europe exports some mid-to-high-end models and new energy vehicles, and sells back some cars produced by European and American automakers in China to the mainland.

  However, there are still significant differences in the automobile development environment and era background between Japan and China.

  Japan is an island country with relatively few natural resources, and it relies almost entirely on imports for the basic energy that supports the automobile industry, which is also the inherent disadvantage of the rise of Japanese cars. On the contrary, China not only has rich land resources, but also has the largest population and the largest market in the world.

  In today’s world, a series of black swan events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, Sino-US trade, and the situation in Russia and Ukraine have seriously impacted the world economy and the process of globalization. The shadow of previous oil crises still hangs over the heads of major countries. Although China is rich in resources, it is as dependent on oil imports as Japan. Getting rid of dependence on oil and reducing carbon emissions has become the consensus of major automobile industrial countries.

  The oil crisis of the 1970s and 1990s had the greatest impact on the automobile industry because of the irreplaceability of petroleum energy. However, with the development of technology, new energy vehicles led by electricity began to show a substitute role for fuel vehicles. Therefore, the development of new energy vehicles, which is the trend of overtaking cars in China’s car corners, has been formulated as a national policy by our country. At present, China has been the world’s largest new energy vehicle market for seven consecutive years, accounting for more than half of the global share. The overtaking of traditional fuel vehicles in Europe and the United States 50 years ago by Japanese cars is now being recreated by China’s automobile industry.