分类： sangna

Provincial committees, offices, departments, bureaus, institutions, people’s organizations, state (city) Finance Bureau, Zhenxiong County, Xuanwei City, Tengchong City Finance Bureau, Yunnan New District Finance Bureau, provincial government procurement and transfer center:

In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the central government’s plan to deepen the reform of the government procurement system, further improve the standardization, transparency and convenience level of Yunnan provincial government procurement electronic stores (hereinafter referred to as electronic stores), and accelerate the implementation of the "internet plus government procurement" action, the relevant matters concerning the promotion of the "one network in the whole province" work of electronic stores are hereby notified as follows:　

I. General requirements

Guided by the spirit of deepening the reform of government procurement system, we will make full use of new technologies, new formats and new modes such as cloud computing, big data and e-commerce, integrate and share resources, and innovate institutional mechanisms. By the end of 2021, we will build a "one network in the whole province" of electronic stores, realize the interconnection and information sharing of electronic stores in provinces and counties (cities), and create a unified, open and orderly electronic trading market for government procurement.

Second, the main task

(A) focus on building a unified platform system for interconnection.

1. Interconnection. The Provincial Department of Finance co-ordinates the construction of electronic stores in the province, and coordinates and guides the development of electronic stores in the province. Financial departments at all levels shall, in accordance with the unified arrangements of the Provincial Department of Finance and the data interface specifications of provincial electronic stores, establish a mechanism for data exchange and information sharing, accelerate the construction of electronic stores, and jointly build a platform system for electronic stores in the province.

2. System integration. Electronic stores at all levels should share data with Yunnan provincial government procurement management information system. For government procurement projects traded through electronic stores, the procurement implementation plan should be compiled in the Yunnan provincial government procurement management information system first, and then pushed to the electronic stores for trading, and the electronic stores will push the trading process, results and contract signing information to the Yunnan provincial government procurement management information system in real time.

(2) Gradually improve the trading system with unified rules.

1. Transaction scope. The Provincial Department of Finance uniformly formulates the catalogue of electronic stores purchased by the provincial government, and dynamically adjusts it according to the needs of the work. If the purchaser purchases goods and services in the catalogue of electronic stores, and the government procurement amount of a budget item with the same item does not reach the standard of open tender amount in a fiscal year, he may enter the electronic store for trading, or entrust a procurement agency to carry out procurement activities according to law (for items belonging to the catalogue of centralized procurement agencies, he shall entrust a centralized procurement agency to purchase).

2. Transaction method. The trading methods of government procurement electronic stores in our province mainly include online direct purchase, reverse bidding (electronic reverse auction), online inquiry and fixed-point purchase. Online direct purchase refers to the purchaser ordering goods or services from suppliers through online supermarkets or online service markets. The supplier confirms the order within the agreed time, and the price displayed in the online supermarket is the highest price limit. The purchaser can negotiate with the supplier. Reverse bidding means that the purchaser determines a brand model of goods according to the purchasing demand, issues a bidding announcement, and three or more suppliers bid downwards for several rounds within the agreed time, and the electronic store system recommends the supplier with the lowest quotation to make a deal. Online direct purchase and reverse bidding are only applicable to small and sporadic procurement projects. Online inquiry means that the purchaser determines the purchase demand and issues an inquiry announcement by defining the demand, specifying the parameter template, recommending the reference brand, etc., and the suppliers of three or more brands respond within the agreed time, and the electronic store system recommends the supplier with the lowest quotation to make a deal. If the supplier of reverse bidding and online inquiry refuses to sign a contract with the purchaser, the purchaser may postpone the determination of the supplier according to law; If the supplier’s performance acceptance is unqualified and both parties terminate the contract, the purchaser shall implement it in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Civil Code Contract or the contract agreement, and in principle, the supplier shall not be postponed to determine the transaction. State (city) finance department with the consent of the Provincial Department of Finance, can be combined with local conditions to explore the relevant trading rules.

(3) jointly create an open, transparent, fair and open unified market.

1. Normalized collection and commitment. Organizations that undertake centralized procurement functions in various places (hereinafter referred to as centralized procurement organizations) are responsible for organizing the normalized public solicitation of suppliers. Any supplier who meets the provisions of Article 22 of the Government Procurement Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), has the ability of supplying, logistics and after-sales service of electronic stores, voluntarily abides by the management rules and systems of electronic store platforms, and fulfills the commitment of registration and settlement can register as an electronic store supplier and settle in the online supermarket and online service market of electronic stores. Electronic stores at all levels shall not discriminate against private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises, shall not set threshold conditions for scale and region, shall not charge fees for supplier registration and settlement, and shall not charge bid bond.

2. One-place audit is universal in the whole province. The supplier of electronic stores in our province applies for registration, settling in and putting goods on the online supermarket and online service market, and the centralized purchasing agency where industrial and commercial registration is located is responsible for the audit; Where there is no centralized purchasing agency in industrial and commercial registration, it shall be audited by the centralized purchasing agency at the next higher level; Industrial and commercial registration is located outside the province, audited by the provincial government procurement and transfer center. Approved suppliers can participate in trading activities in electronic stores at all levels in the province.

3. Make information public and accept supervision. The provincial government procurement and transfer center issued a unified supplier solicitation announcement on the Yunnan provincial government procurement network, and synchronized it to the electronic store platform, which was implemented by electronic stores at all levels. The results of supplier registration and check-in shall be publicized simultaneously on the Yunnan provincial government procurement website and the electronic store platform, and the publicity period shall not be less than 3 working days. The information of goods on the shelves shall be made public in the online supermarket (online service market) and subject to social supervision. Purchasing information such as purchasing announcement (inquiry form, bidding form, contact form), closing announcement, contract announcement, etc. are released on the electronic marketplace platform, and simultaneously pushed to the Yunnan provincial government procurement network for publicity. Actively promote information sharing with public resource trading platforms.

(D) Establish a standardized and unified supplier and commodity management mechanism.

The centralized purchasing organization conducts daily management of suppliers and commodities in electronic stores according to the commitments made when suppliers register and settle in. The provincial government procurement and transfer center is responsible for establishing the daily management system of suppliers and commodities of electronic stores such as price inspection, early warning of integrity, and punishment for breach of contract, and formulating the letter of commitment for the registration and settlement of electronic stores, which can be implemented with reference to electronic stores at all levels. Centralized purchasing institutions will give yellow, orange and red warnings to suppliers who violate the commitments of registration and settlement in accordance with the daily management system, depending on the seriousness of the case; For the supplier who fails to correct the breach of contract in time according to the early warning information, the centralized purchasing agency may take measures such as deducting the credit score, freezing, taking off the shelves, taking off the shelves of the whole network and restricting the shelves, and suspending the trading of suppliers’ electronic stores for a period of time, and the disciplinary situation shall be reported to the financial department at the same level for the record. The supplier of electronic store will be punished in one place and the whole network will take effect. If the supplier has any objection to the punishment made by the centralized procurement institution, it may report it to the financial department at the same level.

Third, the job requirements　

(1) Unify thinking and strengthen leadership. Establishing and perfecting electronic stores is an important measure to build a modern government procurement system, promote the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform and optimize the business environment. Financial departments at all levels should attach great importance to it, earnestly strengthen leadership, clarify work responsibilities, guarantee operation and maintenance funds, and ensure the realization of the work goal of "one network in the whole province" in electronic stores.

(2) Careful organization and coordination. Financial departments at all levels should work in accordance with the deployment of "One Network in the Province", coordinate and coordinate, conscientiously implement the construction, operation and management of electronic stores in the region, guide centralized purchasing institutions to do a good job in the registration, settlement and merchandising of suppliers in the region, coordinate and supervise platform operators to do a good job in services, and strengthen network and information security protection.

(3) Strengthen supervision and resolve disputes. Contradictions and disputes between the purchaser and the supplier during the transaction shall be settled by both parties through consultation; If the negotiation fails, it can be reflected to the centralized purchasing agency at the same level and mediated by the centralized purchasing agency; If violations of laws and regulations are found, they shall be reported to the finance, market supervision or relevant departments at the same level, and shall be handled by the regulatory authorities according to law. Anyone suspected of committing a crime shall be transferred to judicial organs for handling according to law.

(four) innovative measures to improve the system. Financial departments at all levels should earnestly strengthen investigation and study, and actively explore supervision methods such as credit evaluation and price early warning. Establish and improve the big data analysis mechanism to enhance data decision-making ability. Encourage the implementation of policy functions such as energy conservation, environmental protection, innovation, poverty alleviation and the development of small and medium-sized enterprises through technical measures such as characteristic venues, labeling, search and sorting, and traffic guidance.

Fourth, others

If the relevant contents of the Notice of Yunnan Provincial Department of Finance on the Trial Online Inquiry Purchase of Provincial Budget Units in Political Mining Cloud Electronic Store (Yuncaicai [2019] No.3) and the Notice of Yunnan Provincial Department of Finance on the Trial Electronic Counter-auction and Online Supermarket Purchase of Provincial Budget Units in Political Mining Cloud Electronic Store (Yuncaicai [2019] No.7) are inconsistent with this notice, it shall be implemented according to the provisions of this notice.

Yunnan Provincial Department of Finance

April 16, 2021

(This piece is publicly released)

　　CCTV News:On January 17, the National Bureau of Statistics announced the income and consumption expenditure of residents in 2022.

　　I. Income of residents

　　In 2022, the per capita disposable income of the national residents was 36,883 yuan, a nominal increase of 5.0% over the previous year, and a real increase of 2.9% after deducting the price factor. In terms of urban and rural areas, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 49,283 yuan, an increase of 3.9% (unless otherwise specified), and a real increase of 1.9% after deducting the price factor; The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 20,133 yuan, an increase of 6.3%. After deducting the price factor, the real increase was 4.2%.

　　According to the source of income, in 2022, the per capita wage income of the national residents was 20,590 yuan, an increase of 4.9%, accounting for 55.8% of the disposable income; The per capita net operating income was 6,175 yuan, an increase of 4.8%, accounting for 16.7% of disposable income; The per capita net income of property was 3,227 yuan, an increase of 4.9%, accounting for 8.7% of disposable income; The per capita net transfer income was 6,892 yuan, up 5.5%, accounting for 18.7% of disposable income.

　　In 2022, the median per capita disposable income of the national residents was 31,370 yuan, an increase of 4.7%, and the median was 85.1% of the average. Among them, the median per capita disposable income of urban residents was 45,123 yuan, an increase of 3.7%, and the median was 91.6% of the average; The median per capita disposable income of rural residents was 17,734 yuan, an increase of 4.9%, and the median was 88.1% of the average.

　　Second, the consumption expenditure of residents

　　In 2022, the per capita consumption expenditure of the national residents was 24,538 yuan, a nominal increase of 1.8% over the previous year, and a real decrease of 0.2% after deducting the price factor. In terms of urban and rural areas, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 30,391 yuan, a nominal increase of 0.3%, and a real decrease of 1.7% after deducting the price factor; The per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 16,632 yuan, a nominal increase of 4.5%, and a real increase of 2.5% after deducting the price factor.

　　In 2022, the per capita consumption expenditure of food, tobacco and alcohol in China was 7,481 yuan, an increase of 4.2%, accounting for 30.5% of the per capita consumption expenditure; The per capita clothing consumption expenditure was 1,365 yuan, down 3.8%, accounting for 5.6% of the per capita consumption expenditure; The per capita residential consumption expenditure was 5882 yuan, up by 4.3%, accounting for 24.0% of the per capita consumption expenditure; The per capita consumption expenditure on daily necessities and services was 1,432 yuan, up by 0.6%, accounting for 5.8% of the per capita consumption expenditure; The per capita transportation and communication consumption expenditure was 3,195 yuan, up by 1.2%, accounting for 13.0% of the per capita consumption expenditure; The per capita expenditure on education, culture and entertainment was 2,469 yuan, down by 5.0%, accounting for 10.1% of the per capita consumption expenditure; The per capita medical and health care consumption expenditure was 2120 yuan, up by 0.2%, accounting for 8.6% of the per capita consumption expenditure; The per capita consumption expenditure of other goods and services was 595 yuan, up by 4.6%, accounting for 2.4% of the per capita consumption expenditure.

1905 movie network news　The film is adapted from the classic original work of the same name and tells the story of affection, love and growth of the four sisters of the March family. Since the release of Christmas in North America last year, the film has won unanimous praise both inside and outside the industry with its emotional core of warm-hearted healing, vivid interpretation of the immortal cast and excellent production by the top Hollywood team, and won six heavy nominations in the 92nd Academy Awards, and finally won the best costume design award.

Among them, "diana frances" Florence Pugh, born in 1996, reshaped the role of Amy, the little sister of Ma Qi’s family in the original work, and won the Oscar nomination for best supporting actress. Little Women was previously withdrawn from the archives in China due to the epidemic, and the date of the archives will be announced another day.

Amy, who is spoiled and ignorant in the original works, has always been a controversial character, but Florence vindicates Amy in the movie Little Women, showing a more real and multifaceted new little sister image. Her self-confidence, rebellion and desire, sober self-awareness and strong personality. Although she dreams of becoming a painter, she can also recognize her lack of talent; Although she insists on the concept that marriage is an economic problem, she can bravely give up the engagement of a rich and powerful family for the sake of man next door Laurie, who has always had a crush on her. Florence accurately depicts Amy’s growing process and complex personality with her strength beyond her age, which shows that the strength of being nominated for the Oscar for Best Female Matching cannot be underestimated.

In addition to the Oscar’s affirmation, Florence’s performance in Little Women has won many praises from the industry and the media. Saoirse Ronan, who plays the second sister Joe, called her portrayal of Amy "unprecedented" and let the audience see "Amy’s struggle"; Director Guilmault del Toro praised her "infinite talent" and her performance "incredible"; Washington post even commented pertinently: "Florence’s performance in Little Women achieved a rare balance. One second she captured Amy’s smart nature, and the next she showed her solemn and reserved behavior."

Florence’s successful shaping of Amy is inseparable from her belief in pursuing realism. Before filming a fight between Amy and Joe, Florence asked Ronan to slap her hard. While filming the scene where Amy fell into the lake while skating, Florence didn’t mind that she had to soak in a big cold pool repeatedly in the cold winter of December. In her own words: "The real feeling of the body helps the performance, and I can’t stand fake things."

Florence Pugh, a 24-year-old British actor, is a dazzling star in Hollywood Ran Ran. In 2017, she won the Best Actress Award at the British Film Awards. In the past two years, it has been her "big year", challenging the horror masterpiece, the masterpiece adaptation film Little Women and the Marvel superhero blockbuster in succession, and trying to broaden the stage. Just recently, in the new preview of Black Widow, she and Scarlett Johansson, a widowed elder sister, were on the same stage to show their extraordinary skills.

In the film, she plays yelena, the younger sister of the black widow. From "little sister" to "widowed sister", she takes the status of "sister professional household". Some netizens ridiculed: "I didn’t expect’ little woman’ Amy to be so able to fight!" It can be seen that the role of Amy is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Florence, whose popularity has soared, also appeared on the cover of the famous American fashion magazine VOGUE in February. She has become Hollywood’s new favorite and has a bright future.

Little Women’s lineup behind the scenes is luxurious. The film was adapted and directed by Oscar-nominated director greta gerwig (), and emma watson (Harry Potter series), Saoirse Ronan (Lady Bird) who mentioned four Oscars, and Hollywood rookie Eliza scanlon (Sharp Tool) together with Florence formed "March Sisters Flower", "Sweet Tea" Timothée Chalamet (), four-time Golden Globe winner laura dern () and three-time Oscar winner Meryl Streep ("Washington". Jacqueline Durran, the costume designer of Atonement, Jess Gonchor, the artistic director, and alexandre desplat, the composer, formed the behind-the-scenes team of the Oscar gold medal.

　　CCTV News:Recently, a video of "Banana Soaking in Unknown Liquid" was circulated, and consumers were worried that the unknown liquid was toxic, and some netizens even said it was formaldehyde. So, what is the practice of soaking bananas in the video? What exactly is "unknown liquid"?

　　In this regard, the researcher of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences explained that bananas are very perishable, and the milky white liquid in the video is a preservative. It is internationally recognized that low toxicity sterilization and degradation are fast. After being registered by the competent authorities, it is allowed to be used in banana preservation, and the corresponding recommended dosage and residue limit standards are also formulated. So consumers don’t have to worry. Feel free to use it.

　　Food fraud is abhorrent, but there are always food safety rumors that poke your "pain point". With the rapid spread of the Internet, many people have seen food safety information with pictures and videos from their circle of friends, such as "So-and-so food is toxic and carcinogenic" and "Don’t eat XX". These seemingly vivid and lively food safety information are really the truth? After all, they exposed the clues in front of science and common sense, and finally ended up being rumored.

　　Multi-department joint action to defend "safety on the tip of the tongue"　

　　In the past, food fraud was mainly based on "administrative law enforcement and insufficient judicial intervention". Now "food fraud is directly punished" is expected to change this situation.

　　Food and Drug Administration: Implementing the "Four Strictest" Food Safety Penalties to People

　　On January 18th, Comrade Jiao Hong, deputy director of the State Food and Drug Administration, presided over an expert meeting, and held a special discussion and exchange on further implementing the "four strictest" requirements of the central government on food and drug safety, implementing the spirit of the instructions of "punishing people" for illegal activities in production and operation, and promoting the direct punishment of adulteration and forgery. Comrade Jiao Hong pointed out that to implement the "four strictest" requirements of the central government on food and drug safety and the spirit of the instructions to promote adulteration and counterfeiting to be directly punished and "punished to people", the Food and Drug Administration will further intensify its work, and combine the revision of the Drug Administration Law, the Regulations on the Implementation of the Food Safety Law and the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics to further improve the relevant systems for punishing natural persons, and actively promote the revision of the judicial interpretation of food and drug safety.

　　Ministry of Public Security: It will directly punish food fraud.

　　On March 17, the relevant person in charge of the Public Security Administration of the Ministry of Public Security said that in the next step, the public security organs will further intensify the criminal crackdown, actively work with relevant departments to promote the direct imprisonment of food fraud, improve the judicial interpretation of cracking down on food and drug crimes, and give full play to the deterrent effect of the criminal law. At the same time, make full use of the food safety law, impose administrative detention punishment on food safety violations that do not constitute crimes according to law, but are hated by the masses, resolutely punish people, and make criminals pay a high price.

In the domestic pickup market in the first half of this year, pickup truck sales were mainly four-wheel drive models. According to the data, in July this year, the sales volume of four-wheel drive pickup trucks was 14,039 pickup trucks, more than twice that of two-wheel drive models. At the same time, among these models, commercial pickup trucks are the basic disk of the domestic pickup market, and the sales performance of commercial pickup trucks with four-wheel drive models below 100,000 yuan is also very impressive. Next, let’s take a look at the four-wheel drive pickup trucks with a starting price of less than 100,000 yuan in the domestic pickup market and see if you have a car.

Great wall fengjun 5

The starting price of four-wheel drive models is 86,800 yuan.

With its extremely low cost performance and excellent product quality, Great Wall is the first echelon in the domestic pickup truck market and still ranks in the forefront of the sales list for a long time. The whole vehicle is equipped with Fengjun 5 diesel version and 2.0T engine, with maximum power of 102kW and peak torque of 330N·m；; The gasoline version is equipped with a 2.4L engine with a maximum power of 118kW and a peak torque of 230N·m, both of which are equipped with two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive models. Among them, the cheapest starting price is the gasoline version of the four-wheel drive model. Although Fengjun 5 is also equipped with a dry rice version, the latter does not include four-wheel drive models.

Great wall fengjun 7

The starting price of four-wheel drive models is 98,800 yuan

Compared with the sales performance of Feng Jun 5, our sales volume can be said to be relatively ordinary, among which the gasoline version of the four-wheel drive model is the cheapest, equipped with a 2.0T engine and a 6MT gearbox, with a maximum power of 125kW and a peak torque of 335N·m；; The diesel model supports a 2.0T engine with a maximum power of 102kW and a peak torque of 330 N m.. The biggest difference between the whole vehicle and Fengjun 5 is the difference in size and gasoline engine. Although Fengjun 7 uses a more powerful 2.0T gasoline engine, since the audience of gasoline pickup trucks is not higher than that of diesel pickup trucks, the sales of Fengjun 7 have been unremarkable.

Zhengzhou Nissan Ruiqi

The starting price of gasoline four-wheel drive models is 93,800 yuan.

Pickups have also been in the domestic pickup market for more than ten years, occupying a place in the commercial pickup market. In the core power part, the current diesel version of Ruiqi pickup truck is equipped with Yuchai Y24 diesel engine, with a maximum power of 121kW and a peak torque of 350 N m. The gasoline version is equipped with Mianyang Xinchen’s 2TZH 2.4L power, with a maximum power of 116kW and a peak torque of 240 N m. Both types of power can meet the user’s power demand for loading uphill, and at the same time have good fuel economy.

JAC T6 Champion Edition

The starting price of diesel four-wheel drive models is 96,800 yuan.

A brand-new version of JAC pickup truck was launched this year, which is cheaper than other versions of JAC T6 model. JAC T6 Champion Edition is equipped with a 2.8T diesel engine equipped with Isuzu technology, with a maximum power of 88kW. This engine has the advantages of low torque, abundant leather and durability, and the declared fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is only 7.9L, which is a low fuel consumption model in pickup trucks, which can further reduce the vehicle cost.

Jiangling collection

The four-wheel drive model starts at 95,800 yuan.

Jiangling pickup truck has been selling well all over the country for 23 years, and it has always stood on the sales list. In the past 23 years, it has been continuously upgraded according to market needs to meet the needs of users. Jiangling Baodian diesel version is equipped with a 2.5T diesel engine, with a maximum power of 103kW and a peak torque of 315N·m, matching a 5MT gearbox.

The gasoline version is equipped with a 1.8T gasoline engine, which adopts advanced medium cooling and bicontinuous variable VVT technology, with a maximum power of 130kW and a peak torque of 280N·m, and is matched with a 6MT gearbox. What the two sets of power have in common is that they both have excellent low-torque performance. Thanks to the excellent performance of the four-wheel drive system, it will not be very difficult in the face of extreme working conditions such as heavy-duty uphill. With the large-capacity container of 1342L, it has a good heavy-duty cargo pulling ability.

　　China Economic Net, Beijing, September 21-On the 17th, the central bank launched a one-year MLF (medium-term lending facility) operation of 265 billion yuan in the open market. As no liquidity instruments of the central bank expired, all the MLF funds were put into the market. After the central bank announced the MLF operation, a wave of media made an eye-catching interpretation: "Yang Ma released 265 billion yuan".

　　Is this really the case?

　　The article "Trader Chun Shenjun" pointed out that the central bank is called the bank of the bank. When the bank is short of money, it will borrow from the central bank for emergency. Open market operation is the means by which the central bank lends money to banks. Open market operations are divided into positive repurchase and reverse repurchase. Positive repurchase means that the central bank borrows money from banks to recover liquidity, while reverse repurchase means that the central bank lends money to banks to release liquidity. Every day, the reverse repurchase will expire, and the amount of operation MINUS the amount of maturity is the net investment. There is an index to measure the liquidity of funds: sentiment index of funds. When the index is greater than 50, it means that the funds are tight and the central bank needs to put in liquidity.

　　Image from trader Chun Shenjun’s article

　　According to the article, recently, due to the influence of centralized tax payment, the amount of funds in sentiment index has reached more than 60%, so the central bank put in funds to ease the market. "So, this is not what we understand ‘ Release water ’ Regardless of his hundreds of billions, it doesn’t matter how big the number is, because the money will be automatically recovered in a few days. "

　　The article bluntly said that a WeChat official account can pay no attention to it if it only talks about "releasing water" with open market data.

　　For the open market operation of the central bank, the "Lu political commissar’s worldview" made an image metaphor in the article: to a certain extent, the central bank is like managing a pool that pumps water while filling water, and the name of the pool is the interbank market. When the water level in the interbank market is too high, the administrator central bank needs to turn on the pump to pump water; When the water level is too low, the central bank needs to turn on the tap to inject water.

　　From September 1 to 11 this year, the central bank did not invest in the open market, but from December 12 to 18, the central bank began to increase investment, and the cumulative net investment scale reached 695 billion yuan. Why is there such a big change in the scale of delivery?

　　The article explains that when the liquidity is relatively stable at the beginning of the month, the necessity of central bank investment will decline; When paying taxes in the middle of the month to return liquidity, the central bank needs to increase the amount of "water replenishment" in the open market. When the issuance of local bonds increases, the central bank needs to "replenish water" moderately to hedge the impact of local bond issuance and payment; When the funds raised by local bonds are converted into fiscal expenditure, the central bank will reduce the investment accordingly to prevent the "water level" in the interbank market from being too high.

　　So, how to judge whether the central bank is "releasing water"?

　　According to the article "EBS Collection Research", it is not only the open market operation that determines the water level of this pool in the inter-bank market, but there are several pipes for both water inflow and water outflow. For example, the occupation of funds by local debt issuance, the change of foreign exchange holdings, the collection and payment of fiscal deposits, and so on. Whether the central bank is "releasing water" depends not on how many MLFs it has made, but on a key indicator: DR007.

　　DR007 refers to the repurchase rate between banks and banks before. "Interest rate is the price of capital, just like the price of cabbage in the vegetable market. If there is a bumper harvest of cabbage, the price will definitely be low, which is the relationship between supply and demand. The price of funds is the same. If the People’s Bank of China releases water, then DR007 will definitely drop sharply. "

　　According to statistics, in fact, after the latest MLF operation of the central bank, DR007 did not decline. On September 14th, DR007 was 2.62%, and it was still 2.62% on the 17th. On the 18th, DR007 rose instead of falling, reaching 2.71%.

　　The picture comes from the public number of EBS fixed income research.

　　The article "Lu political commissar’s world outlook" also pointed out that while filling water and pumping water in the pool, how do you know whether the water level in the pool is appropriate? The interest rate of inter-bank funds is a very intuitive water level scale. In mid-September, although the central bank increased its efforts in the open market, DR007 remained relatively stable, with no obvious downward trend. Overall, since September, DR007 has fluctuated slightly around the center of 2.62%, reflecting that although the central bank’s investment has changed greatly, the "water level" of interbank liquidity is basically stable.

China’s Foreign Trade
(December 2011)
People’s Republic of China (PRC) the State Council press office

Catalogue

　　Foreword
　　I. Historical progress of China’s foreign trade
　　Second, the reform and improvement of China’s foreign trade system
　　Third, the contribution of China’s foreign trade development to the world
　　Fourth, promote the basic balanced growth of foreign trade
　　V. Building all-round mutually beneficial cooperative economic and trade relations
　　VI. Realizing the Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade
　　Concluding remarks

　　Foreword
　　Peace, development and cooperation are the trends of the world today. Since the reform and opening-up, China has followed the trend of economic globalization, continuously opened wider to the outside world, and actively carried out economic and trade cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. After years of development, foreign trade has become one of the most active and fastest growing parts of China’s economy, and China has also become one of the top trading countries in the world. The development of China’s foreign trade has closely linked China with the world, which has strongly promoted the modernization of China and the prosperity and progress of the world.
　　China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001. In the past 10 years, the integration of China’s economy into the global economy has been accelerated, and the vitality of China’s foreign trade has been further enhanced. On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, the China government issued a white paper, giving a systematic introduction to China’s foreign trade.
　　I. Historical progress of China’s foreign trade
　　After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, it insisted on independence and self-reliance and gradually carried out foreign economic and trade exchanges. However, due to factors such as the international political environment and the domestic planned economic system at that time, the development of foreign trade was relatively slow.
　　In 1978, China entered a new period of reform and opening up. Vigorously developing foreign trade has become an important way for China to speed up modernization, change its backward appearance, promote economic development and improve its comprehensive national strength. Over the past 30 years, China has taken advantage of the long-term prosperity of the world economy and the in-depth development of economic globalization to open wider to the outside world, attract foreign investment, introduce advanced technology, transform and upgrade domestic industries, and realize the leap-forward development of foreign trade in full participation in international division of labor and competition.
　　-The total volume of trade in goods ranks among the top in the world. In 1978, the total import and export volume of goods in China was only US$ 20.6 billion, ranking 32nd in the world trade in goods, accounting for less than 1%. In 2010, the total import and export volume of goods in China reached US$ 2,974 billion, 143 times higher than that in 1978, with an average annual growth rate of 16.8%. Among them, the total export value was US$ 1,577.8 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 17.2%; The total import volume was US$ 1,396.2 billion, with an average annual increase of 16.4%. China’s total exports and imports accounted for 10.4% and 9.1% of the world’s goods exports and imports, respectively, and became the world’s largest exporter and second importer of goods for two consecutive years.

　　-The trade structure of goods has undergone fundamental changes. China’s export commodity structure changed from primary products to manufactured goods in 1980s, and from textile products to electromechanical products in 1990s. Since the beginning of the new century, the export proportion of high-tech products represented by electronics and information technology has been expanding. In addition to state-owned enterprises, foreign trade business entities also include foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises, whose total import and export volume has now exceeded that of state-owned enterprises. From 1980s to the beginning of this century, China’s processing trade developed vigorously, accounting for half of its foreign trade. In the development of China’s foreign trade, foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade have played a very important role.

　　-forming an all-round and diversified import and export market pattern. After the reform and opening up, China has developed its foreign trade in all directions and established trade relations with most countries and regions in the world. Trading partners have grown from dozens of countries and regions in 1978 to 231 countries and regions at present. The European Union, the United States, ASEAN, Japan and BRICS countries have become China’s main trading partners. Since the new century, China’s trade with emerging markets and developing countries has been growing rapidly. From 2005 to 2010, the proportion of goods trade between China and ASEAN increased from 9.2% to 9.8% in China, from 4.9% to 6.9% in other BRICS countries, and from 3.5% and 2.8% to 6.2% and 4.3% in Latin America and Africa respectively.

　　-The international competitiveness of service trade has been continuously enhanced. After joining the World Trade Organization, China’s service trade has entered a new stage of development, with rapid expansion of scale, gradual optimization of structure and ranking among the top in the world. The service trade in tourism, transportation and other fields is growing steadily, and the cross-border services and service outsourcing in the fields of construction, communication, insurance, finance, computer and information services, exclusive rights use fees and franchise fees, consulting and so on are growing rapidly. From 2001 to 2010, China’s total service trade (excluding government services) increased from $71.9 billion to $362.4 billion, an increase of more than four times. The proportion of China’s service trade exports in the world’s service trade exports increased from 2.4% to 4.6%, reaching $170.2 billion in 2010, rising from 12th to 4th in the world. The proportion of service trade imports increased from 2.6% to 5.5%, reaching $192.2 billion in 2010, rising from the 10th place in the world to the 3rd place.

　　The development of foreign trade has strongly promoted the modernization of China, and China has grown into an open economy. Participating in international division of labor and competition, introducing advanced technology, equipment and management, and utilizing foreign direct investment have greatly promoted China’s technological progress and industrial upgrading, and improved its management level and market competitiveness. The rapid development of processing trade has brought into play the comparative advantage of abundant labor force in China and accelerated the process of industrialization and urbanization in China. Foreign trade directly drives more than 80 million employed people, of which more than 60% are from rural areas, and the income and life of employed people have been significantly improved. Together with domestic investment and consumption, foreign trade has become the three engines of China’s economic growth.

　　The historical progress of China’s foreign trade is closely related to the development and changes of the international and domestic situation. Around 1980s, peace and development became the theme of the times. With the continuous advancement of economic globalization, the flow and allocation of capital, technology, products, markets, resources, labor and other factors in the world are more active. Scientific and technological progress led by information and communication has greatly improved production efficiency, and international industrial transfer has been deepened and developed. Economic globalization, scientific and technological progress, international industrial transfer and strengthening cooperation among countries have provided historic opportunities for China to integrate into the world economy. Following the trend of the times, focusing on economic construction, the government of China carried out reform and opening up, developed economic and technological cooperation with other countries, actively utilized foreign capital reasonably and effectively, and gave full play to its comparative advantages, which promoted the deepening of the division of labor in the international industrial chain and created favorable conditions for the development of foreign trade. In this process, foreign enterprises, especially multinational companies from developed countries, have gained a lot of investment opportunities in China, and their capital, technology, management experience and sales channels have increased in value, sharing the fruits of China’s rapid economic growth. The development of China’s foreign trade benefits from the reform and opening-up, from economic globalization, and from adhering to the road of mutual benefit, cooperation and win-win. The development of China cannot be separated from the world, and the prosperity and stability of the world cannot be separated from China.
　　China is still a developing country. Compared with the world’s trade powers, China’s export industry is still at the low end of the global industrial chain, and the input of resources, energy and other factors and environmental costs are still relatively high, and the international competitiveness of enterprises and the anti-risk ability of some industries are relatively weak. It will be a long-term process to realize the transformation from a big trading country to a powerful trading country, and hard work is still needed.
　　Second, the reform and improvement of China’s foreign trade system
　　Before the reform and opening-up, China implemented mandatory planned management of foreign trade and the state was solely responsible for profits and losses. Since the reform and opening-up, China’s foreign trade system has undergone a transformation from mandatory planned management to giving full play to the basic role of market mechanism, from highly monopolized management rights to full liberalization, and from enterprises to independent management and self-financing. In the process of China’s negotiations to regain its status as a contracting party to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and join the World Trade Organization, after China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, China’s foreign trade system gradually integrated with international trade rules and established a unified, open and multilateral foreign trade system.
　　In the early days of reform and opening up, the reform of China’s foreign trade system was mainly to reform the single planned management system, decentralize foreign trade management and operation rights, implement the foreign exchange retention system and establish a foreign exchange swap market. The absorption of foreign direct investment has enabled foreign-invested enterprises to enter the foreign trade field as new business entities, breaking the monopoly of state-owned foreign trade enterprises. Since then, China has implemented the contract system for foreign trade operations, and gradually replaced mandatory plans with guiding plans. According to the general rules of international trade, the export tax rebate system has been established. In October 1992, China clearly put forward the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economic system. According to this goal, the financial, taxation, finance, foreign trade and foreign exchange systems have been comprehensively reformed. In January, 1994, China government cancelled all financial subsidies for export, and the import and export enterprises became completely self-financing. The official exchange rate of RMB is merged with the market swap rate, and a single and managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand is implemented. In the field of foreign trade management, enterprises have been privatized and the import and export agency system has been piloted. In the same year, the Foreign Trade Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) was officially promulgated and implemented, which established the principles of maintaining a fair and free foreign trade order and laid the basic legal system for foreign trade. In December 1996, China realized the convertibility of RMB under current account. At the same time, China has on many occasions significantly reduced tariffs and reduced non-tariff measures such as quotas and licenses. These reforms have enabled China to initially establish a market-based economy,Foreign trade management system and regulation system that give full play to economic leverage such as exchange rate, tax, tariff and finance.
　　On December 11th, 2001, after 16 years of negotiations, China became the 143rd member of the World Trade Organization. According to the commitment of joining the World Trade Organization, China has opened wider to the outside world in the fields of industry, agriculture and service industry, and accelerated trade liberalization and trade and investment facilitation. In the process of fulfilling its commitments, China has deepened the reform of foreign trade system, improved the system of foreign trade laws and regulations, reduced trade barriers and administrative intervention, straightened out the government’s responsibilities in foreign trade management, promoted government behavior to be more open, fair and transparent, and pushed the open economy into a new stage of development.
　　-accelerating the legalization of foreign economic relations and trade. After joining the World Trade Organization, China concentrated on cleaning up more than 2,300 laws, regulations and departmental rules. Those that do not conform to the rules of the World Trade Organization and China’s commitment to join the World Trade Organization shall be abolished or revised respectively. The newly revised laws and regulations have reduced and standardized the administrative licensing procedures, and established and improved the legal system of trade promotion and trade remedy. According to the Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization, China has revised the laws, regulations and judicial interpretations related to intellectual property rights, and basically formed a complete system of laws and regulations for the protection of intellectual property rights, which conforms to China’s national conditions and international practices.
　　-further reducing tariffs and cutting non-tariff measures. During the transition period of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, the general tariff level of China’s imported goods gradually decreased from 15.3% in 2001 to 9.9% in 2005. By January 2005, most of China’s tariff reduction commitments had been implemented. According to the commitment, since January, 2005, China has completely abolished the import quotas, import licenses, special tenders and other non-tariff measures for 424 tariff lines, and only retained the license management of products subject to import control according to international conventions and the rules of the World Trade Organization to ensure life safety and protect the environment. In 2010, the general tariff level in China has dropped to 9.8%, of which the average tax rate of agricultural products has dropped to 15.2% and the average tax rate of industrial products has dropped to 8.9%. The tariff binding rate has been maintained at 100% since 2005.
　　-Fully liberalize the right to operate foreign trade. According to the newly revised Foreign Trade Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 2004, since July, 2004, the China government has changed the foreign trade management right of enterprises from the examination and approval system to the filing and registration system, and all foreign trade operators can engage in foreign trade according to law. The cancellation of the examination and approval of foreign trade management rights has promoted the formation of diversified foreign trade management patterns of state-owned enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises. While the import and export of state-owned enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises continue to grow, the foreign trade of private enterprises has developed rapidly, and the market share of import and export has continued to expand, becoming an important business entity of foreign trade. In 2010, the import and export of state-owned enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises accounted for 20.9%, 53.8% and 25.3% of China’s total import and export respectively.
　　-Further opening up the service market. China has earnestly fulfilled its commitment to join the World Trade Organization, providing overseas service providers with a wide range of market access opportunities, including finance, telecommunications, construction, distribution, logistics, tourism and education. Among the 160 branches of the World Trade Organization’s service trade classification, China has opened 100 branches, and the scope of opening is close to the average level of developed countries. In 2010, 13,905 foreign-invested enterprises were newly established in China’s service industry, and the actual utilization of foreign capital was US$ 48.7 billion, accounting for 50.7% of newly established foreign-invested enterprises and 46.1% of the actual utilization of foreign capital in the non-financial sector.
　　-Create a fairer market competition environment. By establishing and perfecting the legal system of fair trade and the law enforcement and supervision mechanisms, China has curbed and cracked down on unfair trade practices such as infringement, dumping, smuggling and disrupting market order in foreign trade operations, and strived to provide a relaxed, fair and stable market environment for domestic and foreign enterprises. In accordance with domestic laws and international trade rules, China government has strengthened early warning and monitoring, and at the same time, it has taken measures such as trade remedy and anti-monopoly investigation to correct unfair trade behaviors of trading partners and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of domestic industries and enterprises. In response to the international financial crisis, China, together with the international community, resolutely opposes any form of trade protectionism, strictly abides by the relevant provisions of the World Trade Organization, treats domestic and foreign products equally when implementing the economic stimulus plan, and promotes fair competition between domestic and foreign enterprises.
　　By 2010, China had fulfilled all its commitments to join the World Trade Organization. China’s practical actions of earnestly fulfilling its commitments have been affirmed by most members of the World Trade Organization. In 2006, 2008 and 2010, the government of China accepted three trade policy reviews of the World Trade Organization. The basic principles of non-discrimination, transparency and fair competition advocated by the World Trade Organization have been integrated into the laws, regulations and relevant systems of China. Market awareness, openness awareness, fair competition awareness, the spirit of the rule of law and the concept of intellectual property rights are more deeply rooted in China, which has promoted the further opening of China’s economy and the further improvement of the market economic system.
　　Third, the contribution of China’s foreign trade development to the world
　　The development of China’s foreign trade not only promoted the modernization of China’s economy and the promotion of its comprehensive national strength, but also improved the living standards of more than 1.3 billion China people, and made China’s economy a part of the world economy, which promoted the development of economic globalization in a direction conducive to the common prosperity of all countries and regions in the world.
　　Reform and opening up and active participation in economic globalization have made China one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In recent 10 years, China, together with other emerging economies, has become an increasingly important force to promote world economic growth. According to the data of the World Bank, China’s GDP in 2010 increased by 4.6 trillion US dollars compared with that in 2001, accounting for 14.7% of the increase of the world economy in the same period. China’s GDP accounted for 9.3% of the world economy. According to the data of the World Trade Organization, from 2000 to 2009, the average annual growth rate of China’s export volume and import volume was 17% and 15% respectively, which was much higher than the average annual growth rate of 3% of the world trade volume in the same period.
　　China’s foreign trade took the lead in stabilizing during the international financial crisis, which promoted the global economic recovery. After the outbreak of the international financial crisis in 2008, the China government adopted a series of policies and measures to stimulate the economy, expand domestic demand and stabilize the scale of import and export. In 2009, the world’s imports of goods decreased by 12.8%, while China’s imports increased by 2.9%, making it the only country among the world’s major economies to maintain growth. The China factor has supported the exports of many crisis-hit countries, stimulated the demand of global commodity markets, boosted people’s confidence, and played a huge role in promoting the recovery and growth of the world economy. During the third trade policy review of China, the World Trade Organization pointed out that during the financial crisis, China played a constructive role in stimulating global demand and made important contributions to world economic stability.
　　The development of China’s foreign trade has improved the national welfare of China and its trading partners. With the accelerated integration into the world division of labor system, China has gradually developed into a major producer and exporter of industrial products in the world, relying on its labor cost advantage, strong industrial support and processing and manufacturing capabilities, and constantly improving labor productivity, providing inexpensive goods for countries and regions around the world and meeting various demands in the international market. China’s advantages of scale economy and processing cost in the global manufacturing sector partially digested the price increase of upstream production factors, and played a role in curbing global inflation and improving the actual purchasing power of consumers in trading partners.
　　The development of China’s foreign trade provides a broad market for its trading partners. Since 2001, China’s total import of goods has increased by about five times, with an average annual growth rate of about 20%. China’s rapidly expanding imports have become an important driving force for world economic growth, creating a huge market space for its trading partners to expand their exports. At present, China is the largest export market of Japan, South Korea, Australia, ASEAN, Brazil, South Africa and other countries, the second largest export market of the European Union, and the third largest export market of the United States and India. China’s industrialization and urbanization are advancing rapidly, and domestic demand continues to grow. The expanding and opening market will provide more and more development opportunities for trading partners.
　　China is one of the developing countries that have opened their markets to the least developed countries to the greatest extent. As of July 2010, China has implemented zero import tariff on more than 4,700 items of goods originating from 36 least developed countries with diplomatic relations, accounting for about 60% of all tariff items. China has promised to continue to expand the scope of preferential treatment to the least developed countries that have established diplomatic relations, so that the goods subject to zero tariff will reach 97% of all tariff items. Zero tariff measures have promoted the exports of the least developed countries to China. Since 2008, China has been the largest export market for the least developed countries. In 2010, China’s total imports of goods from the least developed countries increased by 58% over the previous year, accounting for about a quarter of the total exports of these countries.
　　China has fully participated in and promoted the reform of global economic governance mechanism. China government actively advocates "balance, mutual benefit and win-win" as the goal of multilateral trading system reform, and strives to promote the establishment of a fair and just new international economic and trade order. As a rapidly growing developing country, China has actively participated in international dialogue and cooperation mechanisms such as the G20 summit, the BRICS leaders’ meeting, and the Doha Round negotiations, and strived to assume international responsibilities commensurate with its own development level and national strength. China has continuously strengthened cooperation with emerging countries in the fields of economy, finance, trade and investment, and promoted the development of the international economic order in a just, rational and win-win direction.
　　China strictly fulfills its international obligations on export control. China has always advocated the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of all weapons of mass destruction and resolutely opposed the proliferation of such weapons and their means of delivery. The relevant laws of China clearly stipulate that necessary restrictions shall be taken on the import and export of fission and fusion substances or goods and technologies derived from such substances, as well as the import and export related to weapons, ammunition or other military materials. China has earnestly abided by international conventions on export control, fulfilled its non-proliferation commitments and made active efforts for international peace and regional stability. In recent years, the government of China has widely adopted internationally accepted norms and practices, and formed a complete export control system covering sensitive items and technologies such as nuclear, biological, chemical and missiles, which has provided a legal basis and institutional guarantee for better realizing the non-proliferation goal.
　　Fourth, promote the basic balanced growth of foreign trade
　　Whether a country’s foreign trade is surplus or deficit is mainly determined by its economic structure and the international competitiveness of its products or services. China does not deliberately pursue a surplus in foreign trade. China’s service trade has been in a certain deficit for a long time. China’s trade in goods was in deficit for most years before 1990. After 1990, with the large-scale undertaking of international industrial transfer, the competitiveness of manufactured goods increased, and the growth rate of exports exceeded that of imports, and China’s trade in goods changed from an overall deficit to an overall surplus. In 2005, China’s trade surplus of goods exceeded 100 billion dollars for the first time, and rose sharply for four years. In 2008, China’s trade surplus in goods reached an all-time high of $298.1 billion, and then gradually narrowed. In 2009 and 2010, the trade surplus of goods in China was US$ 195.7 billion and US$ 181.6 billion, respectively, down by 34.4% and 7.2% compared with the previous year. In 2010, the trade surplus of goods in China accounted for 6.1% of the total import and export volume and 3.1% of the GDP. Among the nine countries with the largest global trade balance (surplus or deficit), these two ratios of China are not on the high side.

　　China’s trade surplus in goods reflects China’s position in international division of labor at the present stage. At present, China has great advantages in the processing and assembly of manufactured goods, and is the largest producer and exporter of industrial products. The United States and the European Union are the most important end consumer markets. As a large number of labor-intensive processing and assembly links have been transferred from Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, China to China, the original surplus of these countries and regions to the United States and Europe has also been transferred to China. As a result, at present, China’s trade surplus of goods mainly exists between China-US trade and China-EU trade, while China has a long-term trade deficit with major producers of industrial intermediate products such as Japan, South Korea and ASEAN. In 2010, China’s trade surplus with the United States and the European Union was US$ 181.3 billion and US$ 142.8 billion respectively, while its trade deficit with Japan, South Korea and ASEAN totaled US$ 141.6 billion. Chinese mainland’s trade deficit with Taiwan Province was $86 billion. China needs to import a large number of primary products to produce and export manufactured goods, so its trade with some primary product exporting countries is in deficit. It is precisely at this stage that China’s manufacturing industry and service industry have different levels and positions in international division of labor, so China’s trade in goods has a large surplus, while the trade in services has a long-term deficit.

　　China’s trade surplus in goods mainly comes from foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade. In the process of deepening economic globalization, due to the refinement of division of labor and the requirements of economies of scale, more and more international trade is dominated by multinational companies, which is intra-industry trade or processing trade based on the division of labor in the value chain. Since the reform and opening up, China’s absorption of foreign direct investment has increased rapidly. For a long time, the proportion of import and export of foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade mainly operated by foreign-invested enterprises in China’s goods trade has remained at about 50%. Import and export and processing trade of foreign-invested enterprises are the main sources of China’s trade surplus in goods. In 2009 and 2010, the trade surplus of goods of foreign-invested enterprises was US$ 127 billion and US$ 124.3 billion respectively, accounting for 64.8% and 68.4% of the total trade surplus of goods in China in the same period, and the processing trade surplus was as high as US$ 264.6 billion and US$ 322.9 billion respectively, which was much higher than that of China in the same period. While foreign-invested enterprises have a large surplus in import and export and processing trade, state-owned enterprises have a deficit in import and export, general trade and other trade methods.
　　The restrictions imposed by developed countries on some high-tech trade also affect the trade balance between China and some trading partners. China is in the period of accelerated industrialization, and it has great import demand for advanced equipment and high technology from developed countries. However, some developed countries still adhere to the old thinking and set many restrictions on the export of high-end equipment and high-tech products to China, resulting in a slow growth in the export of their related products to China. This has hindered China’s imports from these countries to some extent, which is not conducive to the balance of bilateral trade.
　　China’s trade in goods changed from deficit to surplus, which improved China’s balance of payments and strengthened China’s ability to resist external risks. However, the sharp expansion of the surplus has also brought troubles to China’s economy. A large amount of RMB for export settlement has increased the difficulty and complexity of macroeconomic regulation and control. The sharp expansion of the trade surplus of goods has also increased the friction between China and some trading partners, which has exerted a sustained and greater appreciation pressure on the RMB.
　　China government attaches great importance to the imbalance in the development of foreign trade and has adopted a series of policies and measures to curb the excessive growth of surplus. First, actively adjust the economic structure, strive to expand domestic demand, especially increase investment in improving people’s livelihood and stimulate residents’ consumption growth. Second, introduce a series of import expansion policies, simplify import management and import payment procedures, reduce the provisional import tax rate of some commodities, improve the import promotion system, and improve the degree of import facilitation. Third, adjust the export tax rebate policy, and successively reduce or cancel the export tax rebate for some commodities with high energy consumption, high pollution and resource. Fourth, modify the catalogue of prohibited and restricted categories of processing trade, expand the scope of prohibited categories, and promote the transformation and upgrading of processing trade. Fifth, to change the situation that the fluctuation range of RMB against the US dollar has narrowed since the Asian financial crisis, a managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies will be implemented from July 21, 2005. From the reform of exchange rate mechanism in July 2005 to the end of August 2011, the nominal exchange rate of RMB against the US dollar appreciated by about 30%.
　　China’s measures to promote the balanced growth of foreign trade have achieved remarkable results. The trade surplus of goods has been decreasing continuously since 2009, and the ratio of the surplus to the total value of imports and exports and the gross domestic product has gradually decreased since 2008, and foreign trade is tending to balance. China’s efforts are not only the needs of China’s own economic development, but also the concrete actions to promote the structural adjustment and rebalancing of the world economy.
　　V. Building all-round mutually beneficial cooperative economic and trade relations
　　China’s foreign trade is all-round development. China insists on developing pragmatic cooperation and mutually beneficial and win-win economic and trade relations with all trading partners, regardless of size, wealth.
　　The trade between China and developed countries has been growing steadily, achieving complementary advantages and mutual benefit. Trade between China and EU has developed steadily in recent years. EU exports to China are mainly manufactured goods, among which machinery, electronic products, transport vehicles, complete sets of equipment, core components and precision components with advanced technology are quite competitive in China market. The trade between China and the United States has a solid foundation for development. China exported a variety of consumer goods to meet the needs of American consumers, and at the same time, it continuously expanded its imports of electronics, aviation, biology, medicine, agricultural products and services from the United States, which also met the needs of China’s own development. The trade between China and Japan has the advantage of geographical proximity. Sino-Japanese trade has promoted the continuous cooperation and progress of the industries of the two countries, and also promoted the in-depth development of regional economic division and cooperation in East Asia. China’s trade and investment cooperation with developed countries such as Canada, Australia, Switzerland and New Zealand have maintained a good momentum of development.
　　China’s trade with emerging markets and developing countries is growing strongly, with great development potential. In 2010, the China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement was fully implemented, and 90% of the goods achieved zero tariffs, which effectively promoted the rapid growth of bilateral trade between China and ASEAN. China and ASEAN’s own unique and competitive goods freely enter each other’s markets, which meets the needs of both sides. The trade between China and South Korea has maintained sustained and steady growth, and the fields of mutual investment and economic cooperation between the two countries are very broad. The rapid growth of trade between China and other BRICS countries in recent years has promoted the strong development of their respective advantageous industries, showing that emerging economic markets have broad development prospects. In recent years, China’s trade with other developing countries has also increased at a relatively fast speed. The long-standing trade with Arab countries has been further developed, and the fields of economic and trade cooperation with Latin American countries have been continuously expanded. The trade with African countries has given full play to the complementary advantages of their resource conditions and economic structure, and promoted their respective development.
　　China attaches great importance to the institutionalization of bilateral and regional economic and trade cooperation. At present, more than 150 countries and regions have signed bilateral trade agreements or economic cooperation agreements with China. China has established and maintained high-level economic dialogue mechanisms with major economies such as the United States, Europe, Japan, Britain and Russia. China actively participates in regional and sub-regional economic cooperation mechanisms such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the ASEAN-China-Japan-ROK (10+3) Leaders’ Meeting, the East Asia Summit, the China-Africa Cooperation Forum, the Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation, the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation and the Great Tumen Initiative. China adheres to the policy of "being a good neighbor and partner" and establishes and develops various forms of border economic and trade cooperation with neighboring countries and regions.
　　China actively participates in and promotes the process of regional economic integration. By the end of 2010, China had negotiated 15 FTAs or CEPAs with 28 countries and regions on five continents, and signed and implemented 10 FTAs or CEPAs. There are five ongoing negotiations on free trade agreements. China proposes to establish East Asia Free Trade Area. In 2010, China’s bilateral trade in goods with 10 partners of free trade agreements or close economic partnership arrangements (ASEAN, Pakistan, Chile, Singapore, New Zealand, Peru, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, China, Macao, China, Taiwan, China) reached 782.6 billion US dollars, more than a quarter of China’s total import and export.
　　China has deeply participated in and promoted the Doha Round negotiations of the World Trade Organization, and strived to safeguard the authority of the multilateral trading system. China stressed that the negotiations should be conducive to the implementation of the principles of fairness and justice in the multilateral trading system, and reflect the Doha Round as the goal of the development round. China fully participated in the Doha Round negotiations on agriculture, non-agricultural products, services and rules, and submitted more than 40 negotiating texts independently, and more than 100 jointly with other members. In order to push forward the Doha Round negotiations, China has repeatedly expressed its willingness to make constructive contributions to the negotiations, which are commensurate with its own level of development.
　　When resolving disputes with trading partners, China takes into account the interests of all parties and seeks common ground while reserving differences. Since joining the World Trade Organization, with the continuous growth of import and export, disputes and frictions between China and its trading partners have increased. The products involved are mainly textiles, shoes, tires, auto parts, steel and chemical products, and the controversial issues mainly involve intellectual property rights, trade balance, fair trade, food safety, environmental protection and other fields. China has always believed that dialogue is better than confrontation and cooperation is better than pressure, and efforts should be made to resolve disputes among trading partners through consultation and negotiation. China insists on giving consideration to and balancing the interests of all parties. Within the rules and system of the World Trade Organization, it uses multilateral and bilateral channels to resolve disputes through dialogue, consultation and negotiation. In recent years, China has taken many measures in expanding market opening, protecting intellectual property rights, promoting trade balance, reforming the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism, and regulating the import and export operation order, fully taking care of the concerns of trading partners. In the case that negotiation fails to resolve disputes, China has properly handled trade disputes with its trading partners through the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization, thus maintaining the stability of the multilateral trading system.
　　VI. Realizing the Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade
　　At present, there are still unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable problems in China’s foreign trade development, which are highlighted as follows: export growth mainly depends on the input and consumption of resources, energy, land, labor and environment, and the input of science and technology, management and innovation is insufficient, and the contradiction between foreign trade development and resource and energy supply and environmental carrying capacity is increasingly prominent; The competitiveness of enterprises in R&D, design, marketing and service is not strong, and the proportion of self-owned intellectual property rights and self-owned brand export products is not large; The contribution of foreign trade development to the three industries is not balanced enough; The scale and level of foreign trade in the central and western regions are still relatively backward; The quality and efficiency of foreign trade growth need to be further improved. China government is clearly aware of these problems and takes active measures to accelerate the transformation of foreign trade development mode and realize the sustainable development of foreign trade.
　　Strive to cultivate the comprehensive competitive advantage of foreign trade development. Faced with the rising labor costs, the sharp rise in the prices of production factors such as resources and energy, and the weakening of the traditional low-cost advantages of export industries in recent years, the China government has put forward the strategic goal of transforming foreign trade from extensive development to intensive development. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010), the China Municipal Government adjusted the import and export tax policy, implemented the strategy of rejuvenating trade through science and technology, market diversification and winning by quality, carried out the pilot project of transformation and upgrading of processing trade, improved the financing and insurance services for import and export enterprises, promoted enterprises to accelerate technological progress and product structure optimization, and enhanced the comprehensive competitive advantage of foreign trade. Most import and export enterprises have withstood the impact of the international financial crisis, and import and export trade has achieved rapid recovery after the crisis. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period (2011-2015), China will strive to maintain its existing export competitive advantage, accelerate the cultivation of new advantages centered on technology, brand, quality and service, promote industrial transformation and upgrading, extend the value-added chain of processing trade, and improve the competitiveness and added value of enterprises and products. Vigorously develop trade in services and promote the coordinated development of trade in goods and services. Continue to open the service industry to the outside world, promote the development of service outsourcing, and strive to expand the export of emerging services. Finance and taxation, financial insurance, foreign exchange management, customs clearance, inspection and quarantine, logistics and transportation will further improve and implement relevant national policies, speed up trade and investment facilitation, and strive to promote the stable and healthy development of foreign trade.
　　Accelerate energy conservation and emission reduction in the development of foreign trade. As early as 1994, the government of China formulated and published China’s Agenda for the 21st Century-China’s White Paper on Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century, which incorporated energy conservation and emission reduction into national economic and social development goals. Both the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan regard reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission intensity as binding indicators. Since 2004, China has repeatedly lowered or even cancelled export tax rebates for some high energy consumption, high pollution and resource commodities, banned and restricted the processing trade of some such products, and encouraged import and export enterprises to keep up with international advanced environmental protection standards. In recent years, the proportion of "two high-tech and one capital" commodities in China’s export commodities has dropped sharply, and the export of new energy and energy-saving and environmental protection products has increased substantially. Most import and export production enterprises that have reached a certain scale have obtained ISO14000 and other standards related to environmental protection. China will strive to adjust the economic structure and industrial structure, accelerate the application of advanced energy-saving and environmental protection technologies, and promote the more coordinated development of foreign trade, resource conservation and environmental protection.
　　Strengthen trade-related intellectual property protection. Strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights is not only the need for China to fulfill its international obligations, but also the inherent requirement for transforming the mode of economic development and building an innovative country. Over the years, the government of China has done a lot of work in intellectual property protection, and achieved remarkable results in legislation, law enforcement, publicity, training and raising the awareness of intellectual property protection in the whole society. In 2008, China formulated the Outline of National Intellectual Property Strategy, which promoted the protection of intellectual property to the height of national strategy. From 2006 to 2011, China promulgated the China Action Plan for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights for six consecutive years, and implemented more than 1,000 specific measures in many fields, including legislation, law enforcement, education and training, cultural propaganda and foreign exchange. In 2010, the number of international patent applications filed by China through the Patent Cooperation Treaty reached 12,295, an increase of 55.6% over 2009, ranking first among countries in terms of growth rate, and ranking fourth in the world from fifth. At present, strengthening the protection of trade-related intellectual property rights is a common challenge for all countries in the world, and strengthening dialogue and cooperation has become the trend of intellectual property protection in the world. Under the relevant international conventions and respective legal frameworks, the Government of China will strengthen intellectual property exchange and cooperation with countries and regions around the world, and jointly promote the healthy development of intellectual property.
　　Improve the quality and safety requirements of export commodities. On the whole, the quality of China’s export commodities is constantly improving, which is welcomed and recognized by consumers all over the world. In 2009 and 2010, there were 11.032 million batches and 13.054 million batches of China’s export goods inspected and quarantined by entry-exit inspection and quarantine institutions, and the unqualified rates were 0.15% and 0.14% respectively. The export value was US$ 429.27 billion and US$ 552.18 billion respectively, and the unqualified rate was 0.12% and 0.13% respectively. In 2010, China exported 127,000 batches of food to the United States, with a qualified rate of 99.53%; 138,000 batches of food were exported to the EU, with a qualified rate of 99.78%. According to the statistical report on the monitoring of imported food in the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, in 2010, food imported from China was sampled at a high rate of 20%, and the qualified rate of sampling inspection was 99.74%, which was higher than that of food imported from the United States and the European Union in the same period. However, there are still a few enterprises in China that ignore the quality and safety of goods in order to reduce costs, and some foreign importers do not pay attention to quality and integrity, depress commodity prices and even directly instruct China producers to use unqualified raw materials. These actions have damaged the reputation of "Made in China". In view of these problems, the China Municipal Government has continuously improved the laws and regulations on commodity quality and safety in recent years, strengthened supervision in all aspects, and severely punished a few enterprises that violate laws and regulations and cause quality problems. In March 2011, China launched the "Year of Improving the Quality of Foreign Trade Commodities".We will further improve the licensing, certification and supervision mechanism for the quality and safety of foreign trade commodities, and improve the efficiency of ensuring the quality and safety of export commodities.
　　Enhance the sense of social responsibility of import and export enterprises. With the continuous expansion of opening to the outside world, more and more enterprises in China realize that they need to bear corresponding social responsibilities while growing. This is not only conducive to social harmony and progress, but also conducive to improving the competitiveness and sustainable development capacity of enterprises. Governments at all levels in China are promoting enterprises to improve their sense of social responsibility, respect labor rights, safeguard consumers’ rights and protect the ecological environment by advocating the concept of Scientific Outlook on Development and harmonious society. At the same time, China government encourages enterprises to accept relevant social responsibility standards in import and export trade, and strive to obtain necessary social responsibility certification. Since the implementation of the new Labor Contract Law and its implementing regulations in 2008, import and export enterprises have generally established a system of "five insurances and one fund" (pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work injury insurance, maternity insurance and housing provident fund). China government regards enhancing corporate social responsibility as an important task to promote the transformation and upgrading of foreign trade. In the future, it will strengthen the publicity and training of corporate social responsibility, establish and improve the integrity management system of import and export enterprises, improve the supervision of corporate social responsibility by the whole society, carry out international cooperation in the cultivation and management of corporate social responsibility, and promote the import and export enterprises to continuously improve their level of social responsibility.
　　Promote international cooperation in strategic emerging industries. Developing strategic emerging industries is of great significance to the transformation and upgrading of foreign trade and sustainable development. After more than 30 years of reform and opening up, China’s comprehensive national strength has been significantly enhanced, the level of science and technology has been continuously improved, the industrial system has been gradually improved, and the development of strategic emerging industries has laid a solid foundation. However, compared with developed countries, emerging industries in China are still in the initial stage of development. After the international financial crisis in 2008, all major economies in the world are accelerating the development of emerging industries. China regards the development of strategic emerging industries as an important task of industrial revitalization. In order to promote the development of key areas, while giving play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, the China Municipal Government has strengthened policy guidance, standardized the market order, improved the investment environment and encouraged enterprises to improve their technological innovation capabilities. China’s basic policy of supporting the development of strategic emerging industries conforms to international trade rules, and it is willing to strengthen exchanges with other countries in scientific research, technological development and capacity building, and make joint efforts to create a new situation of international cooperation and development of emerging industries.
　　Concluding remarks
　　At present, the deep-seated impact of the international financial crisis is still emerging, and the long-term, arduous and complex nature of the world economic recovery is more prominent, and the global economic structure and trade pattern are facing profound adjustments. China’s foreign trade will also undergo new adjustments, and strive to realize the transformation from scale expansion to quality and efficiency improvement, from relying mainly on low-cost advantages to enhancing comprehensive competitive advantages, and from a big trading country to a powerful trading country.
　　The development of China’s foreign trade is still restricted by many uncertain factors and will encounter new difficulties and pressures. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China will further expand its opening-up, promote reform, development and innovation through opening-up, strive to give full play to its own advantages, strengthen all-round international cooperation, and integrate into the world economy on a larger scale, in a wider field and at a higher level. China is willing to work with its trading partners to cope with the challenges facing the world economy and trade development, promote a more balanced, coordinated and sustainable development of foreign trade, and share prosperity with its trading partners to achieve a win-win situation.